Bozic kod Srba
(Serb Christmas) Contribution of Valerija Brkljac
(vbpjky@iol.it)
Christmas for Serbs who are Christian Ortodox, comes two weeks later than that of Roman
Catholics. Serbs do not celebrate Christmas on December 25th, but on January 7th, while
they celebrate New Year on January 13th rather than on December 31st. This is because the
Serbs follow the Julian calendar, while Roman Catholics follow the Gregorian calendar.
The Gregorian reformation of the calendar came into force
on 1582. It made corrections in the Julian calendar, the ten days from October 5th to 14th
were canceled. Of course, not all countries changed over to the Gregorian calendar at that
time. Germany, for instance, didn’t accepted the Gregorian calendar until 1775, while
Bulgaria didn’t do so until 1917!
Serbs, like the most other people, accepted officially the Gregorian calendar, but all
holidays, specially of cultural or religious contents, were celebrated according to the
Julian calendar.
Badnje Vece –
Christmas Eve
January 6th
On the day before Christmas, the 6th of Januray, Serbs celebrate Badnje Vece. It is
necessary to prepare badnjak (yule log) in advance. The Christmas Eve got its name from
the badnjak tree. Actually badnjak is the most beautiful young oak that one can find in
the woods.
The 6th of January, in the morning, the habit is to go in search of badnjak (oak
branches with leaves). When the right one is found, it is necessary to cut it and bring it
to the door of the home and to leave it there.
Kissing the Badnjak
In the villages, where one still can find homes with
old-fashioned hearths, the custom is that the father and the oldest sun go out to pick up
the badnjak and to nock on the door of their home. Mother opens the door. Entering, they
should say to the mother: "Welcome to you Badnje Vece! ("Christmas
Eve")" and take the badnjak to the fireplace and place it on the fire to augure
good fortune.
The custom is also to put straw around the fireplace, to simulate the connection with
the earth. Usually, Serbs put coins, walnuts, almonds, dry figs on the straw, all the
gifts for the children.
The traditional January 6th supper for Serbs is religious diatary meals, usually fish.
Christmas Eve supper is very interesting. It is very rich even if it is always meatless
meal. Symbolically the food is always related to the world of death – baked beans,
fish, dryed figs, dryed plums and apples.
At the end of supper, all the rests of the food should be left on the table and covered
with a tablecloth, until Christmas morning. The belief is that during the night the
spirits of the dead come to eat the food left for them. This way Christmas Eve has the
character of All Souls’ Day.
Before going to bed it is very important to cover the badnjak with hot ash so it will
burn slowly to the following morning.
Christmas
and the Polozajnik
In the morning of January 7th, Christmas, the first person that enters the home is
called "polozajnik". This person should stoke the fire in the fireplace
and say the following:
"How many sparks, that much sheep. How many sparks, that much money. How many
sparks, that much health!"
Polozajnik
The Polozajnik is then offered the "zito"
(boiled wheat Christmas speciality) and black wine. The guest makes the sign of the cross
and eats a bit of the "zito" and drinks some wine.
Before lunch, while the fire is burning, the tradition is
to place the pork or turkey to roast slowly for Christmas dinner.
Breakfast
and the cicvara
For breakfast the habit is to prepare "cicvara" (a dish made of
flour, eggs, butter and cheese). On the table are served also small dry cakes, dry figs
and the famous plum brandy called "Sljivovica". Usually the
"Sljivovica" served is home made and at least ten years old! Another custom is
to prepare a bowl in which young wheat is planted to grow during the forth coming year.
The meaning is should be fertile and that the family will have luck.
All persons gather around the table, family and guests,
while the father lights the candle. That moment marks the start of "mirbozenje"
(peace and reconciliation). Partecipants than kiss one another at Christmas time while
saying: "Mir Bozji". If there were any disagreement, all are forgotton.
During the entire Christmas day a custom is to replace a classic: "Hello" or:
"Good day" with: "Hristos se rodi" (Christ is born!) and as
greeting in reply: "Vaistinu se rodi" (Really born!). Nowadays
it’s a habit to call relatives or friends by phone and instead of saying a classic
"good morning", one sais: "Hristos se rodi!".
Lunch
and the Cesnica
On Christmas day, lunch gets underway earlier than usual and lasts longer. The menu is
very rich (see recipes). In contrast to Christmas Eve that relates to All Souls’ Day,
Christmas relates to the cult of agriculture.
Nowadays, in the cities, before lunch the family throws
the straw under the table (man’s relation to the earth).
Traditionally essential part of the Christmas dinner is a
type of flat, round Christmas bread called "cesnica".
It is prepared using stalk of the last weat harvest filling them with kernels of
different grains.
Christmas bread is made of flaky dough in which a gold or silver coin is imbedded. In
ancient times it was a ducat, nowadays a coin of great value.
Breaking the Bread
"Cesnica" is always very nicely decorated with braids, birds or
roses made of dough.
The traditional Christmas day menu must include a piglet roasted over the fire of oak
tree logs!
Christmas roast pork
As this is possible only in the villages, families in the cities almost always order
their Christmas pork roast from bakers who exclusively use oak for the roasting fire.
Symbolicly the Christmas day meal marks the end of the period of abstinence as well as
a ritual in which the food and the pork is considered a sacrifice made to god. All the
members of the family must taste the roast pork and cesnica.
Serbs in Milan, Italy
celebrate Christmas
and have their roasted pork in New Year
Other traditional Christmas table foods include "sarma" made of
stuffed sauerkraut leaves, the soup and, in the area of serbia once ruled by the
Austo-Hungarian Empire, a dense soup dish called "corba".
Cakes
The desserts usually include three kind of cakes and small cookies.
The candle that burns all day is blowen out in the evening with red wine.
Traditional serb dance in
New Year's Eve party
where a man seduces a woman and vice versa
(Milan, Italy)
Christmas
Recipes
Click here to discover delicious dishes from
Serbia, all an important part of Christmas tradition.
Vesna write asking for the recipe for Serbian Patispan.
If you can help her, write to: vesna@mkl.com
The material presented
here is a collaboration of Valerija Brkljac (vbpjky@iol.it),
a serbian living in Italy. The colored pictures are also hers.
The black and white
pictures were made by photographer P.Z. Petrovic, 1936, in one Serbian village named
Gruza. (Have no other info, but I've heard they are in the museum of Belgrade, "
Beogradski Narodni Muzej" - she said).
All recipes are from
"Srpski Narodni Kuvar" - Serbian National Cookbook", edition 1952.
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